Impeshyi yo mu 2022 yari igihe gishyushye cyane mu kinyejana cyose.
Byari bishyushye cyane kuburyo ingingo zagize intege nke kandi roho yavuye mumubiri; bishyushye cyane kuburyo umujyi wose wahindutse umwijima.
Mu gihe amashanyarazi yari atoroshye ku baturage, Sichuan yafashe icyemezo cyo guhagarika amashanyarazi mu nganda iminsi itanu guhera ku ya 15 Kanama.Nyuma yo guhagarika amashanyarazi, amasosiyete menshi y’inganda yahagaritse umusaruro maze ahatira abakozi buzuye gufata ikiruhuko.
Kuva mu mpera za Nzeri, ibura rya batiri ryarakomeje, kandi imigendekere y’amasosiyete abika ingufu zihagarika ibicuruzwa yariyongereye. Ibura ry’ibikoresho bitanga ingufu naryo ryasunikishije ingufu zo kubika ingufu kugera ku ndunduro.
Nk’uko imibare ya Minisiteri y’inganda ibigaragaza, igice cya mbere cy’uyu mwaka, ingufu za batiri zo kubika ingufu z’igihugu zirenga 32GWh. 2021, Ubushinwa bushya bubitse ingufu bwiyongereyeho 4.9GWh gusa.
Birashobora kugaragara ko ubwiyongere bwubushobozi bwo kubika ingufu za batiri, bwabaye bunini cyane, ariko kuki hakiri ikibazo?
Uru rupapuro rutanga isesengura ryimbitse ku mpamvu zitera Ubushinwa bubika ingufu za ingufu hamwe n’icyerekezo kizaza mu bice bitatu bikurikira ：
Icya mbere, gusaba: kuvugurura imiyoboro ya ngombwa
Icya kabiri, gutanga: ntishobora guhangana nimodoka
Icya gatatu, ahazaza: guhinduranya bateri yatemba?
Kugira ngo wumve ko bikenewe kubika ingufu, gerageza gusubiza ikibazo kimwe.
Kuki amashanyarazi manini akunda kugaragara mubushinwa mugihe cyizuba?
Uhereye kubisabwa, amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu nganda no guturamo yerekana urugero runaka rw "ubusumbane bwibihe", hamwe n "ibihe" n "ibihe". Kenshi na kenshi, imiyoboro ya gride irashobora guhaza amashanyarazi ya buri munsi.
Nyamara, ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo mu cyi bwongera ikoreshwa ryibikoresho byo guturamo. Muri icyo gihe, ibigo byinshi birimo guhindura inganda kandi igihe cyo gukoresha amashanyarazi nacyo kiri mu cyi.
Uhereye kubitangwa, itangwa ryumuyaga n’amashanyarazi ntigihungabana bitewe n’imiterere y’imiterere n’ibihe. Urugero, muri Sichuan, 80% by'amashanyarazi ya Sichuan ava mu gutanga amashanyarazi. Muri uyu mwaka kandi, Intara ya Sichuan yahuye n’ubushyuhe budasanzwe ndetse n’impanuka z’amapfa, zimaze igihe kinini, kubera ikibazo cy’ibura ry’amazi mu kibaya kinini ndetse n’amashanyarazi akomoka ku mashanyarazi. Byongeye kandi, ikirere gikabije nibintu nko kugabanuka gutunguranye kwingufu zumuyaga nabyo birashobora gutuma turbine yumuyaga idashobora gukora mubisanzwe.
Mu rwego rwo gutandukanya intera iri hagati yo gutanga amashanyarazi n’ibisabwa, mu rwego rwo kurushaho gukoresha imashanyarazi kugira ngo itange amashanyarazi, ububiko bw’ingufu bwahindutse byanze bikunze uburyo bwo kongera ingufu za sisitemu y’amashanyarazi.
Byongeye kandi, amashanyarazi y’Ubushinwa arahindurwa ava mu mbaraga gakondo akajya mu mbaraga nshya, amashanyarazi, amashanyarazi y’umuyaga n’izuba bitameze neza bitewe n’imiterere karemano, nayo ikenera cyane kubika ingufu.
Nk’uko ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe ingufu kibitangaza, mu 2021 Ubushinwa bwashyizeho ubushobozi bwa 26.7% by'ubutaka, bukaba buri hejuru ugereranyije n'isi.
Mu gusubiza, muri Kanama 2021, Komisiyo y’igihugu ishinzwe iterambere n’ivugurura n’ubuyobozi bw’igihugu gishinzwe ingufu basohoye itangazo ryerekeye gushishikariza inganda zitanga ingufu z’amashanyarazi kongera kubaka izabo cyangwa kugura ubushobozi bwo hejuru kugira ngo zongere umurongo w’itumanaho, basaba ko
Kurenga igipimo kirenze imiyoboro yemewe ya gride yinganda za gride, ubanza, ubushobozi bwo hejuru buzagabanywa hakurikijwe igipimo cya pegege ya 15% yingufu (hejuru ya 4h z'uburebure), kandi hazashyirwa imbere abahawe ukurikije igipimo cya pegge ya 20% cyangwa irenga.
Birashobora kugaragara, murwego rwo kubura ingufu, kugirango ikibazo gikemuke "umuyaga wataye, urumuri rwatereranywe" ntirushobora gutinda. Niba ingufu zumuriro zabanje zishyigikiwe nubushizi bw'amanga, ubu igitutu cya "karuboni ebyiri", kigomba koherezwa buri gihe, ariko ntahantu ho gukoresha ingufu z'umuyaga hamwe n'amashanyarazi yabitswe, bikoreshwa ahandi.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, politiki y’igihugu yatangiye gushimangira byimazeyo "itangwa ry’impinga", uko umubare w’amafaranga yagabanijwe, urashobora kandi "urwego rwambere", kwitabira ubucuruzi bw’isoko ry’amashanyarazi, kubona amafaranga ahuye.
Mu rwego rwo gusubiza politiki nkuru, buri karere kashyize ingufu nyinshi mu guteza imbere ububiko bw’ingufu mu mashanyarazi hakurikijwe imiterere yaho.
Ku bw'amahirwe, ibura rya batiri yo kubika sitasiyo y'amashanyarazi, ryahuriranye n'iterambere ritigeze ribaho mu modoka nshya. Amashanyarazi nububiko bwimodoka, byombi bikenera cyane bateri ya lithium fer fosifate, ariko witondere gupiganira amasoko, amashanyarazi ahendutse, nigute ushobora gufata ibigo bikaze byimodoka?
Kubwibyo, ububiko bwamashanyarazi bwabayeho mbere bimwe mubibazo byagaragaye.
Ku ruhande rumwe, igiciro cyambere cyo kwishyiriraho sisitemu yo kubika ingufu ni kinini. Ingaruka zitangwa nibisabwa kimwe n’inganda ziyongera ku biciro fatizo by’ibiciro fatizo, nyuma ya 2022, igiciro cy’ibikorwa byose byo guhunika ingufu, cyazamutse kiva kuri 1.500 / kilowat mu ntangiriro za 2020, kigera kuri 1.800 / kWt.
Inganda zose zibika ingufu ziyongera ibiciro, igiciro cyibanze muri rusange kirenze 1 yuan / watt, inverter muri rusange yazamutseho 5% igera kuri 10%, EMS nayo yazamutseho hafi 10%.
Birashobora kugaragara ko igiciro cyambere cyo kwishyiriraho cyabaye ikintu cyingenzi kibuza kubaka ububiko bwingufu.
Kurundi ruhande, ibiciro byo kugarura ibiciro ni birebire, kandi inyungu iragoye. Kugeza 2021 1800 yuan / kWh sisitemu yo kubika ingufu kubara ibiciro, uruganda rukora ingufu zibiri zishyuza ebyiri zishyiraho, kwishyuza no gusohora itandukaniro ryibiciro muri 0.7 yuan / kWh cyangwa irenga, byibuze imyaka 10 kugirango ugarure ibiciro.
Muri icyo gihe, kubera gutera inkunga akarere cyangwa ingufu nshya ziteganijwe hamwe ningamba zo kubika ingufu, igipimo cya 5% kugeza kuri 20%, cyongera ibiciro byagenwe.
Usibye impamvu zavuzwe haruguru, ububiko bwamashanyarazi nabwo bumeze nkibinyabiziga bishya byingufu bizashya, guturika, ibi byangiza umutekano, nubwo bishoboka ko ari bike cyane, ibindi reka reka ubushake buke buke bwibyifuzo bya sitasiyo yamashanyarazi.
Birashobora kuvugwa ko "kugabana gukomeye" kubika ingufu, ariko ntabwo byanze bikunze politiki ihuza ibikorwa byoguhuza imiyoboro, kuburyo abantu benshi basaba ibicuruzwa, ariko ntibihutire gukoresha. Ubundi kandi, amashanyarazi menshi ni ibigo bya leta, kugirango umutekano ube uwambere, bahura nisuzuma ryimari, ninde wifuza kwihutira kugarura umushinga muremure?
Ukurikije ingeso yo gufata ibyemezo, amabwiriza menshi yo kubika ingufu za sitasiyo yamashanyarazi, agomba gushyirwaho, kumanikwa, gutegereza ko politiki isobanuka neza. Isoko rikeneye umunwa munini wo kurya igikona, ariko ugire ubutwari, erega, ntabwo ari byinshi.
Birashobora kugaragara ko ikibazo cyo kubika ingufu za sitasiyo yamashanyarazi gucukumbura byimbitse, usibye igice gito cyizamuka ryibiciro bya lithium yo hejuru, hari igice kinini cyibisubizo bya tekiniki gakondo bidakoreshwa neza mubyerekezo byamashanyarazi, burya dukwiye gukemura ikibazo?
Kuri ubu, igisubizo cyamazi ya batiri yumuti yaje kugaragara. Bamwe mu bitabiriye isoko bavuze ko "igipimo cyo kubika ingufu za lithium cyashyizweho cyagabanutse kuva muri Mata 2021, kandi kwiyongera kw'isoko kwimukira muri bateri zitemba". None, iyi bateri yatemba niyihe?
Muri make, bateri zitemba zitemba zifite ibyiza byinshi bikoreshwa mumashanyarazi. Batteri isanzwe itemba, harimo bateri zose zamazi ya vanadium, bateri ya zinc-fer itemba, nibindi.
Gufata bateri zose za vanadium zamazi nkurugero, ibyiza byabo birimo.
Ubwa mbere, ubuzima burebure bwigihe kirekire hamwe nuburyo bwiza bwo gusohora no gusohora bituma bikwiranye nubunini bunini bwo kubika ingufu. Ubuzima bwo kwishyuza / gusohora ubuzima bwa batiri yose ya vanadium amazi atwara ingufu zishobora kubika inshuro zirenga 13.000, kandi ubuzima bwikirangantego burenze imyaka 15.
Icya kabiri, imbaraga nubushobozi bya bateri "byigenga" hagati yabyo, byoroshye guhindura igipimo cyubushobozi bwo kubika ingufu. Imbaraga za bateri yuzuye ya vanadium yuzuye igenwa nubunini n'umubare wa stack, kandi ubushobozi bugenwa nubunini nubunini bwa electrolyte. Kwagura ingufu za bateri birashobora kugerwaho hongerwa ingufu za reaktor no kongera umubare wa reaktor, mugihe kongera ubushobozi bishobora kugerwaho mukongera ingufu za electrolyte.
Hanyuma, ibikoresho bibisi birashobora gutunganywa. Igisubizo cya electrolyte gishobora gukoreshwa kandi kigakoreshwa.
Nyamara, igihe kinini, ikiguzi cya bateri zitemba cyagumye hejuru, kibuza gukoreshwa mubucuruzi bunini.
Dufashe urugero rwa batiri ya vanadium yamazi, ikiguzi cyayo ahanini kiva mumashanyarazi na electrolyte.
Igiciro cya electrolyte kibarirwa hafi kimwe cya kabiri cyibiciro, byibasiwe cyane nigiciro cya vanadium; ahasigaye ni ikiguzi cya stack, ituruka cyane cyane kuri ion yo guhanahana ibyuka, karubone yumva electrode nibindi bikoresho byingenzi bigize ibikoresho.
Itangwa rya vanadium muri electrolyte nikibazo kitavugwaho rumwe. Ububiko bwa vanadium mu Bushinwa nabwo bwa gatatu mu bunini ku isi, ariko iki kintu kiboneka cyane hamwe n’ibindi bintu, kandi gushonga ni umurimo wanduye cyane, ukoresha ingufu nyinshi kandi ubuza politiki. Byongeye kandi, inganda zibyuma zifite uruhare runini muri vanadium, kandi n’ibanze mu gihugu, Phangang Vanadium na Titanium, byanze bikunze bitanga umusaruro wibyuma.
Muri ubu buryo, bateri zitwara amazi ya vanadium, birasa, subiramo ikibazo cya lithium irimo ibisubizo byo kubika ingufu - gufata ubushobozi bwo hejuru hamwe ninganda nyinshi, bityo igiciro gihindagurika cyane muburyo bwa cycle. Muri ubu buryo, hariho impamvu yo gushakisha ibintu byinshi kugirango utange igisubizo gihamye cya batiri.
Iion ihinduranya membrane na karubone yumvaga electrode muri reaction isa na "ijosi" rya chip.
Kubijyanye na ion yo guhanahana ibikoresho, inganda zo murugo zikoresha cyane cyane filime yo guhanahana Nafion proton yakozwe na DuPont, isosiyete imaze ibinyejana byinshi muri Amerika, ihenze cyane. Kandi, nubwo ifite ituze ryinshi muri electrolyte, hariho inenge nko gutembera cyane kwa ioni ya vanadium, ntabwo byoroshye kuyitesha agaciro.
Carbone yunvise ibikoresho bya electrode nayo igarukira kubakora mumahanga. Ibikoresho byiza bya electrode birashobora kunoza imikorere muri rusange hamwe nimbaraga zisohoka za bateri zitemba. Ariko, kuri ubu, isoko rya karubone ryiganjemo ahanini n’abakora mu mahanga nka SGL Group na Toray Industries.
Byose hasi, kubara, ikiguzi cya batiri ya vanadium itemba, kuruta lithium iri hejuru cyane.
Kubika ingufu amashanyarazi mashya ahenze atemba, haracyari inzira ndende.
Kuvuga amagambo igihumbi, ububiko bwamashanyarazi kugirango butere imbere, birakomeye cyane, ariko ntabwo aribyo bisobanuro bya tekiniki, ariko ububiko bwamashanyarazi busobanutse kugirango bugire uruhare runini mubikorwa byubucuruzi bwisoko ryingufu.
Sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa nini cyane, iragoye, ku buryo sitasiyo y’amashanyarazi ifite ububiko bwigenga bwigenga kuri interineti, ntabwo ari ibintu byoroshye, ariko iki kibazo ntigishobora gusubizwa inyuma.
Kuri sitasiyo zikomeye, niba kugabana ububiko bwingufu ari ugukora gusa serivisi zifasha, kandi ikaba idafite urwego rwigenga rwubucuruzi rwigenga, ni ukuvuga ko idashobora kuba amashanyarazi arenze, kubiciro bikwiye kugirango igurishe abandi, hanyuma iyi konte burigihe biragoye kubara hejuru.
Tugomba rero gukora ibishoboka byose kugirango dushyireho sitasiyo yamashanyarazi hamwe nububiko bwingufu kugirango ihinduke imikorere yigenga, kugirango ibe igira uruhare rugaragara kumasoko yubucuruzi bwingufu.
Iyo isoko ryagiye imbere, byinshi mubiciro nibibazo bya tekiniki bihura nububiko bwingufu, ndizera ko nabyo bizakemuka.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-07-2022